黑麦草在模拟人工湿地中对奶牛场污水高浓度氮的吸收转化

以土壤为基质,黑麦草(Lolium multiflorm)为植被,通过模拟间歇性人工湿地净化系统处理不同质量浓度的奶牛场污水试验,研究黑麦草对高质量浓度畜牧场污水中氮的吸收转化效果.结果表明,黑麦草在间歇性进水的污水质量浓度高达TN(816.8±125.1) mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N(443.6±97.9) mg·L~(-1),NO_3~--N(141.5±51.7) mg·L~(-1)都能较好的适应,生长良好.在不同浓度处理的净化系统中,水力停留时间为8d的条件下,NH_4~+-N的去除率为75.9%～88.3%;NO_3~--N的去除率平均为69.3%;TN的去除率74.5%～83.1%.该试验黑麦草对污水中氮的吸收转化在系统对氮净化中的贡献率平均为20.03%.     

VALIDATION OF THE SWAT MODEL ON A LARGE RWER BASIN WITH POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES1

ABSTRACT: The State of Texas has initiated the development of a Total Maximum Daily Load program in the Bosque River Watershed, where point and nonpoint sources of pollution are a concern. Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was validated for flow, sediment, and nutrients in the watershed to evaluate alternative management scenarios and estimate their effects in controlling pollution. This paper discusses the calibration and validation at two locations, Hico and Valley Mills, along the North Bosque River. Calibration for flow was performed from 1960 through 1998. Sediment and nutrient calibration was done from 1993 through 1997 at Hico and from 1996 through 1997 at Valley Mills. Model validation was performed for 1998. Time series plots and statistical measures were used to verify model predictions. Predicted values generally matched well with the observed values during calibration and validation (R²≥ 0.6 and Nash‐Suttcliffe Efficiency ≥ 0.5, in most instances) except for some underprediction of nitrogen during calibration at both locations and sediment and organic nutrients during validation at Valley Mills. This study showed that SWAT was able to predict flow, sediment, and nutrients successfully and can be used to study the effects of alternative management scenarios.     

NITROGEN ACCUMULATION IN A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR DAIRY WASTEWATER TREATMENT1

ABSTRACT: A free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland was installed at a dairy in Glendale, Arizona, to study the potential of such a wetland to remove nitrogen (N) from wastewater. The study objectives were: (1) to determine N removal from the wastewater, and (2) to evaluate N accumulation in soil and plant tissues. The system consisted of eight cells (70 × 9 × 1.5 m) planted with Typha domingensis, Scirpus validus, and Phragmites australis. The four cells in series were lined with plastic, and the four cells in a parallel series were lined with clay. Cells received approximately 180 m³/d of partially treated dairy effluent. Plant tissues and soil samples were collected above and below ground from 24 locations during one year. Total N removal from wastewater was about 17 percent. Clay‐lined cells accumulated more N in the soil and less N in plant biomass compared with plastic lined cells. Plant biomass accounted for approximately 60 percent of total N accumulated in cells with dense plant communities. Ninety percent of accumulated soil N was organic. Total N accumulated in soil reached a maximum (1,100 mg/kg) eight months after the introduction of wastewater.     

The Environmental Effects of New Zealand’s Free-Market Reforms

This paper explains one way in which New Zealand’s free-market reforms have adversely affected its environment. Liberalisation of New Zealand’s economy has radically changed the determinants of agricultural export success, largely due to the elimination of subsidies to domestic producers, and of tariffs on imports. In this exposed agricultural milieu, the dairy industry has thrived; cow numbers have increased by over 50%, with commensurate increases in herd and farm sizes. With this rapid expansion has come increasing pollution of New Zealand’s waterways. New Zealand’s Resource Management Act 1991 is potentially capable of controlling these adverse effects; however, its implementation was slow and piecemeal throughout the 1990s. So, at the same time as production and pollution from dairy farming expanded, the efficacy of environmental policy was limited. The resulting implementation gap has put at risk the ‘clean and green’ image that is an important component of New Zealand’s agricultural export success.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

UASB-CASS工艺处理乳制品综合废水

介绍了采用UASB-CASS处理乳制品综合废水的工艺,并由监测结果进一步论证了其处理工艺合理、效果稳定的特点,其COD Cr、BOD5、SS去除率分别达到96.4%、98.8%和83%,COD Cr、BOD5、SS的平均出水水质质量浓度分别＜79.4mg/L、14.4mg/L、70mg/L.此工艺是治理乳制品综合废水较为先进、成熟、可靠的方法.     

Respect for Animal Autonomy in Bioethical Analysis: The Case of Automatic Milking Systems (AMS)

An analysis of the ethical impacts of the use of anAutomatic Milking System (AMS) is employed as a casestudy to illustrate the use of a form of bioethicalanalysis in technology assessment. The approach isbased on the Ethical Matrix, where `impacts' areassessed in terms of (lack of) respect for threeethical principles as applied to interest groups. Inthis case, only impacts on dairy cows are examined,and principally in terms of their behaviouralfreedom.In contrast to traditional milking systems, AMS, inprinciple, allow cows to present for milkingvoluntarily. So with AMS, it is claimed that dairymanagement relies on the autonomous interaction of thecow with her environment.One of the roles of bioethical analysis is to identifythe influence of rhetoric and symbolism in technologyassessment, e.g., with respect to the claimed`voluntariness' of cows' presentation. The AMS can beinstalled to allow cows three types of access, viz., i)free choice ii) rewarded access (RA) iii) obligatoryaccess (OA). Studies suggest the desire for milkremoval per se is not critical in the cow'sattendance at the AMS. Continued motivation to bemilked, required for the system to function,principally relies on RA and OA. Both RA and OA aresubject to numerous factors, such as: design of theAMS, location, etc. In turn, these can affect thecows' behavioural freedom and welfare.One of the aims of this approach is to illustrate theethical basis on which public policy is or can beformulated.     

Environmental transport of endogenous dairy manure estrogens

Although estrogens originating from dairy manure applied to agricultural soils as a fertilizer can potentially contaminate surface water and groundwater, the variables that control transport are poorly understood. Our objective was to assess the potential for off-site movement of endogenous dairy cattle estrogens when manure is applied on fields at agronomically relevant fertilization rates. Estrone (E1), 17α-estradiol (α-E2), and 17β-estradiol (β-E2) were used in laboratory sorption, desorption, and transformation incubations with both manure and an agriculturally relevant soil. Sorption on manure containing 44% organic carbon exceeded sorption on soil containing 0.8% organic carbon by 20 to 150 times, following the pattern of β-E2 > α-E2 > E1. Approximately 20% of E1 and 17% of α-E2 were desorbed from manure, whereas only about 4% of β-E2 was desorbed. Thirty to seventy percent of α-E2 and β-E2 were converted to E1 in soil and manure, making it imperative that transformation reactions be considered when predicting transport and potential biological effects in the environment. Overall results indicate that high organic carbon concentrations and relatively low amounts of desorption inhibit the potential for off-site transport of endogenous dairy manure estrogens.     

长期定位施用牛粪对夏玉米-冬小麦体系农田N2O和NO排放的影响

利用静态暗箱法对关中平原27 a长期定位施肥农田氧化亚氮(N_2O)和一氧化氮(NO)排放通量进行周年(2017年6月到2018年6月)观测,目的是阐明N_2O和NO的排放特征及其影响因子,定量评估施用牛粪对气体排放的影响.田间试验采用随机区组试验设计,设置3种处理.对照(CK)处理全年不施肥.全化肥(NPK)和化肥加牛粪(NPKM)处理全年施氮(N)量为353 kg·hm~(-2),其中夏玉米季为188 kg·hm~(-2),均为尿素N;冬小麦季为165 kg·hm~(-2),NPK处理全部为尿素N,而NPKM处理尿素N与牛粪N的比例为3∶7.结果表明,CK处理气体排放通量较低且无明显季节变化,NPK和NPKM处理气体排放高峰主要与施肥和灌溉有关,N_2O和NO排放最高峰值分别为103. 0 g·( hm~2·d)~(-1)和71. 0 g·( hm~2·d)~(-1),均出现在NPKM处理玉米季.当土壤温度高于20℃时,NPK和NPKM中NO/N_2O比均与土壤充水孔隙度呈显著负相关关系(P 0. 01),说明土壤温度和水分含量共同影响气体排放.各处理N_2O年排放量分别为0. 21、2. 32和2. 15 kg·hm~(-2),NPK与NPKM处理间差异不显著(P=0. 74); NO年排放量分别为0. 23、0. 80和1. 46 kg·hm~(-2),NPK和NPKM处理间差异显著(P 0. 05).说明长期施用牛粪对N_2O排放无影响,但可显著增加NO排放.     

用气浮＋A／O＋深度组合工艺处理乳品生产有机废水

针对乳品行业工业废水有机物浓度较高难以处理的现状,试用气浮＋A／O＋深度组合工艺处理乳品生产有机废水。通过具体案例,介绍了工艺的原理、流程以及主要处理构筑物的设计,并列出了工程实践的数据。经过工厂半年的实际运行,设备运转正常,处理效果稳定,指标全部达到了国家《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978—1996）一级排放标准。表明该方法处理效果好、工艺流程短、技术可靠、设备先进,而且工程投资少、运行费用低、无二次污染。     

基于沼气综合利用的乳业循环经济模式探讨与实践

为了解决乳业快速发展带来的环境污染和资源浪费问题,运用循环经济理论;分析探讨乳业循环经济模式,以镇江市长江乳业有限公司为例,建立“奶牛—沼气—种植—奶牛？的良性生态循环经济模式,企业的年运行效益为24．51万元,静态投资回收期为7.7年。研究结果对于实现乳业可持续发展,为相关企业节能减排,提高效益,探索畜禽粪便资源化利用的技术途径,建设乳业循环经济模式提供了参考。